Difference between revisions of "Oxybenzone"
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Oxybenzone is a phenol that may be oxidized, creating a stressful environment for coral reefs. | Oxybenzone is a phenol that may be oxidized, creating a stressful environment for coral reefs. | ||
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| + | ==General Information== | ||
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybenzone Oxybenzone - Wikipedia] | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybenzone Oxybenzone - Wikipedia] | ||
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IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone | IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone | ||
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| + | ==Coral Bleaching== | ||
| + | Coral bleaching happens when the algae living on the coral are destroyed, leaving the coral to starve. The coral then lose their bright colors, which is why the term is called "bleaching." Oxybenzone reactions can harm these algae, resulting in coral bleaching. | ||
==Instrumentation Links== | ==Instrumentation Links== | ||
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==Research Paper== | ==Research Paper== | ||
| − | [[Oxybenzone_Research_Paper|Oxybenzone Research Paper]] | + | This link provides a sample of the senior research paper I am writing on the oxidation of oxybenzone. |
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| + | '''[[Oxybenzone_Research_Paper|Oxybenzone Research Paper]]''' | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Media:acs.est.9b04022.pdf|Development of a Handheld Submersible Chemiluminescent Sensor: Quantification of Superoxide at Coral Surfaces]] | [[Media:acs.est.9b04022.pdf|Development of a Handheld Submersible Chemiluminescent Sensor: Quantification of Superoxide at Coral Surfaces]] | ||
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| + | ==References for Coral Bleaching== | ||
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| + | [[:File:noaa_13720_DS1.pdf|Toxicopathological Effects of the Sunscreen UV Filter,Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3), on Coral Planulae and CulturedPrimary Cells and Its Environmental Contamination in Hawaiiand the U.S. Virgin Islands, Arch Environ Contam Toxicol (2016) 70:265–288DOI 10.1007/s00244-015-0227-7]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:48, 30 June 2020
Oxybenzone is a phenol that may be oxidized, creating a stressful environment for coral reefs.
General Information
IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone
Only 4% of ozybenzone in sunscreen is absorbed into the skin, the remaining 96% is washed off and enters various water ways (Dinardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018).
As a sunscreen additive, oxybenzone is less effective at protecting against UV exposure than avobenzone, titanium dioxide, and/ or zinc oxide (Dinardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018).
Adverse Effects of Oxybenzone
Several studies have reported that oxybenzone has adverse effects on reproduction and development of algae, the freshwater flea, and plarian (Kim, Sujin and Choi, Kyungho 2014). Oxybenzone is a photoxicant, genotoxicant, and a skeletal endocrine disruptor in coral. Oxybenzone has also been found in the tissue of many fish that humans consume (ex. white fish, perch, and rainbow trout). Oxybenzone inhibits reproduction of coral and fish via embryo toxicity and/or causes male fish to be feminized (DiNardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018). There is not much information on the long term ecological effects of oxybenzone in our freshwater systems, so further investigation is warranted.
Oxybenzone is also one of the top three most frequent allergens in sunscreens (DiNardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018).
Physical Properties
Names:
- 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
- Oxybenzone
- Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) <--trade naming, see other below
- Eusolex 4360
- Escalol 567
Molecular weight: 228.24 g/mol
Boiling point: 115°C.
Melting point: 65.5°C.
Density: 1.32 g/mL.
pKa: 7.1.
UV max: 288 and 326 nm.
Described as an off-white or light yellow powder.
Other--> Benzophenone-n
Chemical Oxidation
The following link shows an in depth explanation of the chemical oxidation of oxybenzone. This page also contains the data collected from this particular experiment.
Chlorination of Oxybenzone
Oxybenzone can become chlorinated in swimming pools because of the chlorine in the water. Chlorine also oxidizes oxybenzone quite well. There are three major products of the chlorination of oxybenzone.
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Coral Bleaching
Coral bleaching happens when the algae living on the coral are destroyed, leaving the coral to starve. The coral then lose their bright colors, which is why the term is called "bleaching." Oxybenzone reactions can harm these algae, resulting in coral bleaching.
Instrumentation Links
These links explain how to use the HPLC and UV-Vis in these experiments.
Research Paper
This link provides a sample of the senior research paper I am writing on the oxidation of oxybenzone.
References
Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections