Difference between revisions of "Oxybenzone"

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Oxybenzone is a phenol that may be oxidized, creating a stressful environment for coral reefs.
 
Oxybenzone is a phenol that may be oxidized, creating a stressful environment for coral reefs.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
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==General Information==
  
 
<!--[[File:1000px-Oxybenzone.svg.png|400px]]-->
 
<!--[[File:1000px-Oxybenzone.svg.png|400px]]-->
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybenzone Oxybenzone - Wikipedia]
 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybenzone Oxybenzone - Wikipedia]
==General Information==
 
  
 
IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone
 
IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone

Revision as of 20:11, 30 June 2020

Oxybenzone is a phenol that may be oxidized, creating a stressful environment for coral reefs.


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Infographic Sunscreen Chemicals and Marine Life.jpg





General Information

Oxybenzone - Wikipedia

IUPAC name: 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-phenylmethanone

Only 4% of ozybenzone in sunscreen is absorbed into the skin, the remaining 96% is washed off and enters various water ways (Dinardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018).

As a sunscreen additive, oxybenzone is less effective at protecting against UV exposure than avobenzone, titanium dioxide, and/ or zinc oxide (Dinardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018).

Adverse Effects of Oxybenzone

Several studies have reported that oxybenzone has adverse effects on reproduction and development of algae, the freshwater flea, and plarian (Kim, Sujin and Choi, Kyungho 2014). Oxybenzone is a photoxicant, genotoxicant, and a skeletal endocrine disruptor in coral. Oxybenzone has also been found in the tissue of many fish that humans consume (ex. white fish, perch, and rainbow trout). Oxybenzone inhibits reproduction of coral and fish via embryo toxicity and/or causes male fish to be feminized (DiNardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018). There is not much information on the long term ecological effects of oxybenzone in our freshwater systems, so further investigation is warranted.

Oxybenzone is also one of the top three most frequent allergens in sunscreens (DiNardo, Joseph and Downs, A Craig 2018).

Physical Properties

1000px-Oxybenzone.svg.png

Names:

  • 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone
  • Oxybenzone
  • Benzophenone-3 (BZ-3) <--trade naming, see other below
  • Eusolex 4360
  • Escalol 567

Molecular weight: 228.24 g/mol

Boiling point: 115°C.

Melting point: 65.5°C.

Density: 1.32 g/mL.

pKa: 7.1.

UV max: 288 and 326 nm.

Described as an off-white or light yellow powder.

Other--> Benzophenone-n

Chemical Oxidation

The following link shows an in depth explanation of the chemical oxidation of oxybenzone. This page also contains the data collected from this particular experiment.

Oxybenzone Oxidation

Chlorination of Oxybenzone

Oxybenzone can become chlorinated in swimming pools because of the chlorine in the water. Chlorine also oxidizes oxybenzone quite well. There are three major products of the chlorination of oxybenzone.

Products of chlorination of oxybenzone. Source: Chlorination of oxybenzone: Kinetics, transformation, disinfection byproducts formation, and genotoxicity changes (Chemosphere 154 (2016) 521-527)



















Background Information

Background Information for Oxybenzone

Instrumentation Links

These links explain how to use the HPLC and UV-Vis in these experiments.

HPLC

UV-Vis

Research Paper

Oxybenzone Research Paper

References

Dermatological and environmental toxicological impact of the sunscreen ingredient oxybenzone/benzophenone-3. (review, 2018)

Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections

Sunscreens: are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters (review, 2012, 166 times cited/Sept 2019)

Occurrences, toxicities, and ecological risks of benzophenone-3, a common component of organic sunscreen products: A mini-review (review, 2014)

Fate of Endocrine-Disruptor, Pharmaceutical, and Personal Care Product Chemicals during Simulated Drinking Water Treatment Processes (Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 6649-6663)

Chlorination of oxybenzone: Kinetics, transformation, disinfection byproducts formation, and genotoxicity changes (Chemosphere 154 (2016) 521-527)

Development of a Handheld Submersible Chemiluminescent Sensor: Quantification of Superoxide at Coral Surfaces