Nitrate in the Freshwater Fish tank

Introduction

Nitrates in water primarily result from chemoheterotrophic life, for nitrates are a byproduct of the waste produced from the consumption of organic molecules as an energy source. Fish are the primary chemoheterotrophs in aquatic ecosystems; therefore, they are accountable for the majority of nitrogen found in water. Ammonia is the main component of fish waste, which is a very toxic compound of nitrogen, but aerobic ammonia oxidizers convert ammonia to nitrite via the intermediate hydroxylamine, which requires aid from ammonia monooxygenase and hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (). Nitrite is an even more toxic form of nitrogen, but this is further oxidized to nitrate via another type of nitrogen bacteria with the enzyme nitrite oxidoreductase..(). In nature, nitrates are regulated to a certain extent through aquatic plant life, for it is essential in the production of chlorophyll (). In fish tanks, however, algae is the only natural nitrate regulator, but unlike more complex and nutrient dependent plants, algae is able to grow beyond the capacity of a given ecosystem with ease. Algae cannot convert nitrogen to a gas that can escape the system, so when it dies, nitrogen is released back into the system (). In closed systems, like that of a fish tank, mechanical work such as changing out volumes of water, being mindful in not overfeeding the fish, and cleaning off the algae and filtration systems, is required in order to ensure nitrate levels are kept at a safe and constant concentration.