Oxidation of Lignin Monomers - Revision history

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References

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 ===Abstract ===
-The biosynthesis of the lignin polymer occurs through oxidative coupling between three basic monomers: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. The chemical structure of each lignin monomer includes a characteristic phenol group that contributes stability to the assumed radical intermediate formed upon oxidation. In this work, immobilized horseradish peroxidase was used to oxidize the ferulic acid and to directly detect the radical intermediate using immobilized enzyme - ESR spectroscopy (IE-ESR). Oxidation products were analyzed by HPLC and findings will be discussed in terms of both lignin and lignan synthesis.
+The biosynthesis of the lignin polymer occurs through oxidative coupling between three basic monomers: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. The chemical structure of each lignin monomer includes a characteristic phenol group that contributes stability to the assumed radical intermediate formed upon oxidation. In this work, immobilized horseradish peroxidase was used to oxidize the coniferyl alcohol and to directly detect the radical intermediate using immobilized enzyme - ESR spectroscopy (IE-ESR). Oxidation products were analyzed by HPLC and findings will be discussed in terms of both lignin and lignan synthesis.
 ===Preliminary ESR data===

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 ===Abstract ===
-The biosynthesis of the lignin polymer occurs through oxidative coupling between three basic monomers: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. The chemical structure of each lignin monomer includes a characteristic phenol group that contributes stability to the assumed radical intermediate formed upon oxidation. In this work, immobilized  horseradish peroxidase was used to oxidize the coniferyl alcohol and to directly detect the radical intermediate using immobilized enzyme - ESR spectroscopy (IE-ESR). Oxidation products were analyzed by HPLC and findings will be discussed in terms of both lignin and lignan synthesis.
+The biosynthesis of the lignin polymer occurs through oxidative coupling between three basic monomers: p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, and sinapyl alcohol. The chemical structure of each lignin monomer includes a characteristic phenol group that contributes stability to the assumed radical intermediate formed upon oxidation. In this work, immobilized horseradish peroxidase was used to oxidize the ferulic acid and to directly detect the radical intermediate using immobilized enzyme - ESR spectroscopy (IE-ESR). Oxidation products were analyzed by HPLC and findings will be discussed in terms of both lignin and lignan synthesis.
 ===Preliminary ESR data===

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 ===References===
 Heitner, C., Dimmel, D.R., and Schmidt, J. (2010). Lignin and lignans: advances in chemistry.
 Li X, Yang Z, Zhao M. (2012). Neuroprotective effects of Flax Lignan against NMDA‐induced neurotoxicity in vitro. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 18(11).927-933.
 Vanholm, R., Demedts, B., Morreel, K., Ralph, J., and Boerjan, W.  Lignin biosynthesis and structure.  (2010). Plant Physiology. doi:10.1104/pp.110.155119

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 <!-- ==Curcumin Research Initiative== -->
-You have reached the page dedicated to the research of lignin monomers. This page was created by [[Stehanie_Saey|Stephanie Saey]] and will be maintained by Zelinda Taylor. Stephanie was a 2018 Biochemistry/Biopsychology graduate and Zelinda is currently a Junior Biochemistry research student.
+You have reached the page dedicated to the research of lignin monomers. This page was created by [[Stephanie_Saey|Stephanie Saey]] and will be maintained by Zelinda Taylor. Stephanie was a 2018 Biochemistry/Biopsychology graduate and Zelinda is currently a Junior Biochemistry research student.
 ==[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin Lignin] monomers==

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 ===HPLC Analysis===
-Each reaction, along with the standard coniferyl alcohol solution, was analyzed using HPLC with an ACN/H20 gradient run for 35 minutes. The first 10 minutes were ran at 100% H20, followed by 80%ACN/20%H20 for minutes 10-30, and finishing from minutes 30-35 at 100% H20. The exact method is saved in the HLPC instrument as "pcou_100417_35_SAZT."
+Each reaction, along with the standard coniferyl alcohol solution, was analyzed using HPLC with an ACN/H20 gradient run for 35 minutes. The first 10 minutes were ran at 100% H20, followed by 80%ACN/20%H20 for minutes 10-30, and finishing from minutes 30-35 at 100% H20 (Figure 2). The exact method is saved in the HLPC instrument as "pcou_100417_35_SAZT."
 [[File:Hplc data.png|400px|thumb|center|Figure 2: HPLC data of HRP/H2O2 oxidation of coniferyl alcohol using 50/50 dioxane/pH 5 buffer.]]

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 ===Preliminary ESR data===
 Lignin monomer radicals were detected using 50/50 water/dioxane (pH 5) to solublize polymer products; immobilized HRP (Figure 1). Quantum calculations to analyze each spectra are in progress; however, for now it can most definitely be concluded that each monomer has the ability to form radicals under oxidative conditions.
-[[File:Ligin Monomer radicals.png|200px|thumb|left|Figure 1: ESR data from HRP oxidation of lignin monomers]]
+[[File:Ligin Monomer radicals.png|200px|thumb|center|Figure 1: ESR data from HRP oxidation of lignin monomers]]
 ===Oxidation of Coniferyl Alcohol===
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 ===HPLC Analysis===
 Each reaction, along with the standard coniferyl alcohol solution, was analyzed using HPLC with an ACN/H20 gradient run for 35 minutes. The first 10 minutes were ran at 100% H20, followed by 80%ACN/20%H20 for minutes 10-30, and finishing from minutes 30-35 at 100% H20. The exact method is saved in the HLPC instrument as "pcou_100417_35_SAZT."
-[[File:Hplc data.png|400px|thumb|left|Figure 2: HPLC data of HRP/H2O2 oxidation of coniferyl alcohol using 50/50 dioxane/pH 5 buffer.]]
+[[File:Hplc data.png|400px|thumb|center|Figure 2: HPLC data of HRP/H2O2 oxidation of coniferyl alcohol using 50/50 dioxane/pH 5 buffer.]]
 ===Dicussion===
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 ===Poster===
 The following poster was presented by Stephanie Saey at the National ACS Meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana during the Spring of 2018:
-[[File:Poster for ACS 2018.png|400px|thumb|left]]
+[[File:Poster for ACS 2018.png|400px|thumb|center|]]
 ===References===

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 ===Oxidation of Coniferyl Alcohol===
-The chemical structure of coniferyl alcohol allows for various places where coupling may occur once the radical forms (Image A and Image B). Coniferyl alcohol was oxidized under various reaction conditions to gain insight into the number of products formed by these radical-radical coupling reactions. The first reaction was carried out with 2mM coniferyl alcohol in the presence of HRP catalyst. The second reaction was carried out with 2mM coniferyl alcohol in the presence of both HRP and 0.5 mM hydrogen peroxide. Subsequently, a third reaction was carried out involving 2mM coniferyl alcohol, catalase, and HRP. In the latter reaction, catalase was added last to the reaction beaker.
+The chemical structure of coniferyl alcohol allows for various places where coupling may occur once the radical forms (Image A). Coniferyl alcohol was oxidized in a beaker under various reaction conditions to gain insight into the number of products formed by these radical-radical coupling reactions. A standard solution of the coniferyl alcohol monomer was made by dissolving 0.0385g of the product in 100 mL of a 50/50 dioxane/pH5 buffer. The first reaction was carried out with 5 mL of the stock solution (final concentration of 2mM coniferyl alcohol) in the presence of 10 microliters of HRP catalyst. The second reaction was carried out with 5 mL coniferyl alcohol in the presence of both 10 microliters HRP and 5 microliters of a 0.5M hydrogen peroxide solution (0.5 mM final concentration hydrogen peroxide). Subsequently, a third reaction was carried out involving 5 mL of coniferyl alcohol, 10 microliters of catalase, and 5 microliters of HRP. In the latter reaction, catalase was added last to the reaction beaker.
 [[File:coniferylpredictions.png|400px|thumb|none|Image A: Resonance structures of the coniferyl alcohol radical following oxidation. Asteriks indicate the radicals with the greatest propensity to undergo coupling reactions, as predicted by Heitner, Dimmel, and Schmidt (2010).]]
 ===References===