Nitrate in the Freshwater Fish tank - Revision history

Ssimonson: /* Materials and Methods */

2021-09-21T04:54:37Z

Materials and Methods

Ssimonson: /* Materials and Methods */

2021-09-21T04:51:56Z

Materials and Methods

Ssimonson: /* Results */

2021-09-21T03:47:23Z

Results

Ssimonson: /* Materials and Methods */

2021-09-21T03:32:11Z

Materials and Methods

Ssimonson: /* Materials and Methods */

2021-09-21T03:29:43Z

Materials and Methods

Ssimonson: /* Discussion */

2021-09-21T03:20:37Z

Discussion

Ssimonson: /* References */

2021-09-21T03:10:25Z

References

Ssimonson: /* Results */

2021-09-21T03:09:01Z

Results

Ssimonson: /* Results */

2021-09-21T03:08:18Z

Results

Ssimonson: /* Results */

2021-09-21T03:05:53Z

Results

@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ''Ground Water Samples''
-A water sample from a private well that draws directly from a natural underground spring was collected along with a sample from the well source ran through a water softener.
+A water sample from a private well that draws directly from a natural underground spring was collected along with a sample from the well source ran through a water softener. Ground water samples were not diluted prior to analysis.
 ==Results==

@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ''Fish Tank Samples''
-In order to see how mainly nitrate and nitrite levels change from day to day in a closed system, 11 water samples were collected throughout the span of 28 days at roughly the same time each day (17:00 - 30 minutes after the second feeding cycle). One sample was collected 76 days after the first sample was collected in order to gauge whether nitrate levels continue to rise at the same rate or if they level off eventually. After filtering these samples with 0.45 um hydrophilic filter units and a one in five dilution, these samples were run on the Thermo Fisher Scientific<sup>TM</sup> Dionex<sup>TM</sup> Aquion<sup>TM</sup> Ion Chromatography System with the built in Chromeleon 7 Chromatography Data System software, with two sets of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride calibration standards of 10, 40, and 100 ppm.
+In order to see how mainly nitrate and nitrite levels change from day to day in a closed system, 11 water samples were collected throughout the span of 28 days at roughly the same time each day (17:00 - 30 minutes after the second feeding cycle) and stored at 4°C before analysis. One sample was collected 76 days after the first sample was collected in order to gauge whether nitrate levels continue to rise at the same rate or if they level off eventually. After filtering these samples with 0.45 um hydrophilic filter units and a one in five dilution, these samples were run on the Thermo Fisher Scientific<sup>TM</sup> Dionex<sup>TM</sup> Aquion<sup>TM</sup> Ion Chromatography System with the built in Chromeleon 7 Chromatography Data System software, with two sets of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride calibration standards of 10, 40, and 100 ppm.
 ''Fish Food Analysis''

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:47, 21 September 2021
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	The rate of daily nitrate concentration was determined to be 2.5912 ppm/day. This is due to metabolic activity by way of the fish, algae interference, and mainly evaporation (figure 3). The portion size of fish pellets dissolved in 1 Liter was determined to have a nitrate concentration of 2.8564 ppm. Considering that the fish were fed twice a day by this same amount and that the tank is filled to 29 gallons when in the system this becomes a nitrate concentration of 0.0520 ppm. It was determined that nitrate increments due to the direct food source could be excluded since the amount of nitrate in the food is negligible compared to other causes.		The rate of daily nitrate concentration was determined to be 2.5912 ppm/day. This is due to metabolic activity by way of the fish, algae interference, and mainly evaporation (figure 3). The portion size of fish pellets dissolved in 1 Liter was determined to have a nitrate concentration of 2.8564 ppm. Considering that the fish were fed twice a day by this same amount and that the tank is filled to 29 gallons when in the system this becomes a nitrate concentration of 0.0520 ppm. It was determined that nitrate increments due to the direct food source could be excluded since the amount of nitrate in the food is negligible compared to other causes.
		+

	''Ground and Surface Water Analysis''		''Ground and Surface Water Analysis''

@@ Line 15: / Line 15: @@
 ''Calibration Standards''
-The anion calibration standards were made by dissolving 0.06620 g KNO<sub>3</sub>, 0.06100 g Na<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, 0.05970 g Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and 0.05970 g NaCl into four separate 100 mL volumetric flasks to yield 400 ppm stock solutions for all four anions. With appropriate dilutions, these stock solutions were combined to give rise to 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 ppm stock solutions of calibration standards.
+The anion calibration standards were prepared by dissolving 0.06620 g KNO<sub>3</sub>, 0.06100 g Na<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, 0.05970 g Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and 0.05970 g NaCl into four separate 100 mL volumetric flasks to yield 400 ppm stock solutions for all four anions. With appropriate dilutions, these stock solutions were combined to give rise to 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 ppm stock solutions of calibration standards.
 ''Fish Tank Set-Up''
@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ''Fish Tank Samples''
-In order to see how mainly nitrate and nitrite levels change from day to day in a closed system, 11 water samples were collected throughout the span of 28 days at roughly the same time each day (17:00 - 30 minutes after the second feeding cycle). One sample was collected 76 days after the first sample was collected in order to gauge whether nitrate levels continue to rise at the same rate or if they level off eventually. After a one in five dilution, these samples were then run on the Thermo Fisher Scientific<sup>TM</sup> Dionex<sup>TM</sup> Aquion<sup>TM</sup> Ion Chromatography System with the built in Chromeleon 7 Chromatography Data System software, with two sets of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride calibration standards of 10, 40, and 100 ppm.
+In order to see how mainly nitrate and nitrite levels change from day to day in a closed system, 11 water samples were collected throughout the span of 28 days at roughly the same time each day (17:00 - 30 minutes after the second feeding cycle). One sample was collected 76 days after the first sample was collected in order to gauge whether nitrate levels continue to rise at the same rate or if they level off eventually. After filtering these samples with 0.45 um hydrophilic filter units and a one in five dilution, these samples were run on the Thermo Fisher Scientific<sup>TM</sup> Dionex<sup>TM</sup> Aquion<sup>TM</sup> Ion Chromatography System with the built in Chromeleon 7 Chromatography Data System software, with two sets of nitrate, nitrite, and chloride calibration standards of 10, 40, and 100 ppm.
 ''Fish Food Analysis''

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:29, 21 September 2021
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	Data was collected on the Thermo Fisher Scientific<sup>TM</sup> Dionex<sup>TM</sup> Aquion<sup>TM</sup> Ion Chromatography System with the built in Chromeleon 7 Chromatography Data System software. Analysis of the desired anions was carried out using the (name of column) column with a 4.5 mM sodium carbonate and 1.4 mM sodium bicarbonate mobile phase and the flow rate kept constant at 1.2 mL/min. Currently the software is programmed to detect eight common anions (chloride, fluoride, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, bromide), but for this study, standards were only made to analyze nitrate, nitrite, chloride, and sulfate.		Data was collected on the Thermo Fisher Scientific<sup>TM</sup> Dionex<sup>TM</sup> Aquion<sup>TM</sup> Ion Chromatography System with the built in Chromeleon 7 Chromatography Data System software. Analysis of the desired anions was carried out using the (name of column) column with a 4.5 mM sodium carbonate and 1.4 mM sodium bicarbonate mobile phase and the flow rate kept constant at 1.2 mL/min. Currently the software is programmed to detect eight common anions (chloride, fluoride, acetate, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, bromide), but for this study, standards were only made to analyze nitrate, nitrite, chloride, and sulfate.
		+
		+	''Calibration Standards''
		+
		+	The anion calibration standards were made by dissolving 0.06620 g KNO<sub>3</sub>, 0.06100 g Na<sub>2</sub>NO<sub>3</sub>, 0.05970 g Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, and 0.05970 g NaCl into four separate 100 mL volumetric flasks to yield 400 ppm stock solutions for all four anions. With appropriate dilutions, these stock solutions were combined to give rise to 10, 20, 40, 80, and 100 ppm stock solutions of calibration standards.

	''Fish Tank Set-Up''		''Fish Tank Set-Up''

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 Even though the rise in daily nitrate concentrations was quantified over a 28 day span in this experiment, this rate does not serve as an absolute representation of daily nitrate increments for all year round. Sample collection took place in mid winter; therefore, during periods of increased metabolic activity, such as nesting and breeding seasons, the rate of daily rises in nitrate concentration is expected to be higher. Another factor to keep in mind is the population of the fish tank.
-Though natural regulation proves to be useful in open surface water systems, there are a lot more variables in how nitrates and nitrites can enter the system, therefore, . Although mainly byproducts from aquatic life, nitrate and nitrite levels in surface and ground water can also result from agricultural runoff (fertilizers), improper disposal of human and animal waste, and...()  While the creek and water samples collected came from a reservoir for aquatic life, it is likely the nitrate levels are also a result from the heavy agricultural activity surrounding the open system. Even so, the nitrate and nitrite levels are well below the EPA's guidelines for surface water not serving the purpose as drinking water.
+Though natural regulation proves to be useful in open surface water systems, there are a lot more variables in how nitrates and nitrites can enter the system, therefore, . Although mainly byproducts from aquatic life, nitrate and nitrite levels in surface and ground water can also result from agricultural runoff (fertilizers), or improper disposal of human and animal waste (). Considering the pond and creek are interconnected to each other and have equal exposure to potential agricultural runoff, it makes sense that these two systems have very similar nitrate concentrations as seen by table 1.  While the creek and water samples collected came from a reservoir for aquatic life, it is likely the nitrate levels are also a result from the heavy agricultural activity surrounding the open system. Even so, the nitrate and nitrite levels are well below the EPA's guidelines for surface water not serving the purpose as drinking water.
 Road-salt runoff, which primarily consists of NaCl, can pose a major threat to surface water quality and aquatic life. Even in warm weather months, when roads are not being salted, chloride levels from winter salt applications persisted in a study carried out in Milwaukee Massachusetts (5). Road salt is the primary reason why the creek water sample has a higher chloride concentration than the pond water sample (figure 1).

@@ Line 86: / Line 86: @@
 . Corsi, S. R.; Graczyk, D. J.; Geis, S. W.; Booth, N. L.; Richards, K. D. A Fresh Look at Road Salt: Aquatic Toxicity and Water-Quality Impacts on Local, Regional, and National Scales. ''Environmental Science & Technology''. '''2010''', ''44'', 7376-7382.
+==Page History==
 This page was created by Sara L Simonson in the fall of 2020

@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-!  !! Anion !! Pond Water Sample !! Well Water Sample !! Well Water Sample w/Softener
+! Anion !! Creek Water Sample !! Pond Water Sample !! Well Water Sample !! Well Water Sample w/Softener
 |-
 | Chloride || 108.055 ppm || 33.8505 ppm || 18.467 ppm || Example

@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 ''Ground and Surface Water Analysis''
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-!  !! Creek Water Sample !! Pond Water Sample !! Well Water Sample !! Well Water Sample w/Softener
+!  !! Anion !! Pond Water Sample !! Well Water Sample !! Well Water Sample w/Softener
 |-
 | Chloride || 108.055 ppm || 33.8505 ppm || 18.467 ppm || Example
@@ Line 60: / Line 62: @@
 | Sulfate || 39.737 ppm || 16.8185 ppm || 13.1475 ppm || Example
 |}
 ==Discussion==