Fatty Acid Methyl Esters - Revision history

Bes at 13:12, 13 May 2021

2021-05-13T13:12:05Z

Jwelker at 18:50, 8 May 2021

2021-05-08T18:50:58Z

Jwelker at 18:50, 8 May 2021

2021-05-08T18:50:47Z

Jwelker: /* Introduction */

2021-05-08T18:50:25Z

Introduction

Jwelker: /* Science Seminar Presentation */

2021-05-08T18:49:51Z

Science Seminar Presentation

Jwelker: /* References */

2021-05-08T18:48:48Z

References

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References

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References

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References

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:12, 13 May 2021
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		+	''<small>The following document was completed by Joise K. Welker in Spring of 2021 in partial fulfillment of her requirements for a Bachelor's Degree of Science in Biochemistry, Monmouth College, Monmouth, Il 61462. The research was done under the supervision of Bradley E. Sturgeon.</small>''
	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
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	Archaeology is the study of human societies through the analysis of material remains (1). The analysis of material remains can be done through many different processes and can reveal the purpose and origin of each material. The introduction of analytical chemistry techniques into the field of archaeology has allowed archaeologists to gain an even deeper understanding of any given material. The procedure described in this experiment is one such technique. This experiment uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the origins of a variety of fatty acids in a sample. Humans modify the chemical composition of everything around them through daily activities such as collecting and preparing food, the use of specific pigments and dyes, and a variety of other practices (2). The chemical composition of different material remains can therefore tell a story about the people who used these materials, such as their food practices and diets (3). Dried clay used by humans of the past holds lipid residue fairly well. If this clay is pulverized and treated with solvent extraction, the sample can undergo GC-MS analysis. Through this analytical technique the fragmentation patterns of each oil can be obtained, allowing for the identification of all the oils in the sample. Every type of oil has a specific combination of fatty acids that comprise the chemical makeup of said oil. Comparing fatty acid composition to previously established oil composition data can help identify which types of oil are in the samples. A similar process can be done with modern-day cooking oils to compare their fatty acid oil composition to current oil composition data. This experiment analyzes the fatty acid composition of grapeseed oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil. The fatty acids focused on in this study were palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The procedure used in this experiment was based on the procedure in an experiment created by Harper et. al (4).		Archaeology is the study of human societies through the analysis of material remains (1). The analysis of material remains can be done through many different processes and can reveal the purpose and origin of each material. The introduction of analytical chemistry techniques into the field of archaeology has allowed archaeologists to gain an even deeper understanding of any given material. The procedure described in this experiment is one such technique. This experiment uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the origins of a variety of fatty acids in a sample. Humans modify the chemical composition of everything around them through daily activities such as collecting and preparing food, the use of specific pigments and dyes, and a variety of other practices (2). The chemical composition of different material remains can therefore tell a story about the people who used these materials, such as their food practices and diets (3). Dried clay used by humans of the past holds lipid residue fairly well. If this clay is pulverized and treated with solvent extraction, the sample can undergo GC-MS analysis. Through this analytical technique the fragmentation patterns of each oil can be obtained, allowing for the identification of all the oils in the sample. Every type of oil has a specific combination of fatty acids that comprise the chemical makeup of said oil. Comparing fatty acid composition to previously established oil composition data can help identify which types of oil are in the samples. A similar process can be done with modern-day cooking oils to compare their fatty acid oil composition to current oil composition data. This experiment analyzes the fatty acid composition of grapeseed oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil. The fatty acids focused on in this study were palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The procedure used in this experiment was based on the procedure in an experiment created by Harper et. al (4).

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:50, 8 May 2021
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	[[File:2021-04-13 (4).png\|800px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1. is a table depicting the experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of fats and oils.]]		[[File:2021-04-13 (4).png\|800px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1. is a table depicting the experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of fats and oils.]]
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← Older revision		Revision as of 18:50, 8 May 2021
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	[[File:2021-04-13 (4).png\|800px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1. is a table depicting the experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of fats and oils.]]		[[File:2021-04-13 (4).png\|800px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1. is a table depicting the experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of fats and oils.]]
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	==Methods and Materials==		==Methods and Materials==

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 ==Introduction==
-Archaeology is the study of human societies through the analysis of material remains (1). The analysis of material remains can be done through many different processes and can reveal the purpose and origin of each material. The introduction of analytical chemistry techniques into the field of archaeology has allowed archaeologists to gain an even deeper understanding of any given material. The procedure described in this experiment is one such technique. This experiment uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the origins of a variety of fatty acids in a sample. Humans modify the chemical composition of everything around them through daily activities such as collecting and preparing food, the use of specific pigments and dyes, and a variety of other practices (2). The chemical composition of different material remains can therefore tell a story about the people who used these materials, such as their food practices and diets (3 gcmsarchaeology). Dried clay used by humans of the past holds lipid residue fairly well. If this clay is pulverized and treated with solvent extraction, the sample can undergo GC-MS analysis. Through this analytical technique the fragmentation patterns of each oil can be obtained, allowing for the identification of all the oils in the sample. Every type of oil has a specific combination of fatty acids that comprise the chemical makeup of said oil. Comparing fatty acid composition to previously established oil composition data can help identify which types of oil are in the samples. A similar process can be done with modern-day cooking oils to compare their fatty acid oil composition to current oil composition data. This experiment analyzes the fatty acid composition of grapeseed oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil. The fatty acids focused on in this study were palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The procedure used in this experiment was based on the procedure in an experiment created by Harper et. al (4).
+Archaeology is the study of human societies through the analysis of material remains (1). The analysis of material remains can be done through many different processes and can reveal the purpose and origin of each material. The introduction of analytical chemistry techniques into the field of archaeology has allowed archaeologists to gain an even deeper understanding of any given material. The procedure described in this experiment is one such technique. This experiment uses gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify the origins of a variety of fatty acids in a sample. Humans modify the chemical composition of everything around them through daily activities such as collecting and preparing food, the use of specific pigments and dyes, and a variety of other practices (2). The chemical composition of different material remains can therefore tell a story about the people who used these materials, such as their food practices and diets (3). Dried clay used by humans of the past holds lipid residue fairly well. If this clay is pulverized and treated with solvent extraction, the sample can undergo GC-MS analysis. Through this analytical technique the fragmentation patterns of each oil can be obtained, allowing for the identification of all the oils in the sample. Every type of oil has a specific combination of fatty acids that comprise the chemical makeup of said oil. Comparing fatty acid composition to previously established oil composition data can help identify which types of oil are in the samples. A similar process can be done with modern-day cooking oils to compare their fatty acid oil composition to current oil composition data. This experiment analyzes the fatty acid composition of grapeseed oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil. The fatty acids focused on in this study were palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. The procedure used in this experiment was based on the procedure in an experiment created by Harper et. al (4).
-Fatty acid content can be used to help identify the origins of different types of oils. Each type of oil has a unique amount of different fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are more common in plant materials, while saturated fatty acids are more common in animal fats. A higher degree of unsaturated fatty acids in oils make the oil more susceptible to oxidative deterioration (5fattyacidoil). Unsaturated fatty acids also have a lower melting point than saturated fatty acids of a similar length (6fattyacidoil). This makes saturated fatty acid oils more stable than unsaturated fatty acid oils (7fattyacidoil). Certain plant materials are known to be used for tasks such as dyeing fabrics, so being able to tell what type of plant each pot was used for can determine the purpose of each pot. These values can help archaeologists determine what kind of material a pot was used for if the pot is crushed up and sent in for GC-MS analysis. This is just one of the many applications this fatty acid methyl ester GC-MS analysis technique has in a variety of disciplines. Figure 1. shows some experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of oils.
+Fatty acid content can be used to help identify the origins of different types of oils. Each type of oil has a unique amount of different fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are more common in plant materials, while saturated fatty acids are more common in animal fats. A higher degree of unsaturated fatty acids in oils make the oil more susceptible to oxidative deterioration (5). Unsaturated fatty acids also have a lower melting point than saturated fatty acids of a similar length (6). This makes saturated fatty acid oils more stable than unsaturated fatty acid oils (7). Certain plant materials are known to be used for tasks such as dyeing fabrics, so being able to tell what type of plant each pot was used for can determine the purpose of each pot. These values can help archaeologists determine what kind of material a pot was used for if the pot is crushed up and sent in for GC-MS analysis. This is just one of the many applications this fatty acid methyl ester GC-MS analysis technique has in a variety of disciplines. Figure 1. shows some experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of oils.
 [[File:2021-04-13 (4).png|800px|thumb|left|Figure 1. is a table depicting the experimental values of fatty acid content in different types of fats and oils.]]

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 8 May 2021
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	==Science Seminar Presentation==		==Science Seminar Presentation==
−	[[:File:Welker_Josie_Spring_Science_Sem.pptx\|Science Seminar Presentation]]	+	[[:File:Welker_Josie_Spring_Science_Sem.pptx\|Welker, J. Science Seminar Presentation. Presented at Monmouth College, Monmouth, Illinois.]]

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 ==References==
 [[:File:archaeological chemistry.pdf|[1] [2] Lambert, J. B. Archaeological Chemistry. ''Accounts of Chemical Research.'' '''2002''', ''35'', (8), 583-584.]]
-[[:File:lipid supporting materials.pdf|Harper, C. S.; Macdonald, F. V.; Braun, K. L. Student Instructions. 1-7.]]
+[[:File:gcms archaeology.pdf|[3] Chromatography and Archaeological Materials Analysis. ''The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences,'' John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2018. ]]
 [[:File:nutritional-value-fatty-acid-oils.pdf|[5] [6] [7] Kostik, V.; Memeti, S.; Bauer, B. Fatty Acid Composition of Edible Oils and Fats. ''J. Hygienic Engineering and Design.'' 112-116.]]
-[[:File:gcms archaeology.pdf|[3] Chromatography and Archaeological Materials Analysis. ''The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences,'' John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2018. ]]
+[[:File:lipid supporting materials.pdf|[8] Harper, C. S.; Macdonald, F. V.; Braun, K. L. Student Instructions. 1-7.]]
 ==Science Seminar Presentation==
 [[:File:Welker_Josie_Spring_Science_Sem.pptx|Science Seminar Presentation]]

@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 [[:File:Lipid Residue Analysis.pdf|Harper, C. S.; Macdonald, F. V.; Braun, K. L. Lipid Residue Analysis of Archaeological Pottery: An Introductory Laboratory Experiment in Archaeological Chemistry. ''J. Chem. Ed.'' '''2017''', ''94'', (9), 1309-1313.]]
-[[:File:archaeological chemistry.pdf|Lambert, J. B. Archaeological Chemistry. ''Accounts of Chemical Research.'' '''2002''', ''35'', (8), 583-584.]]
+[[:File:archaeological chemistry.pdf|[1] [2] Lambert, J. B. Archaeological Chemistry. ''Accounts of Chemical Research.'' '''2002''', ''35'', (8), 583-584.]]
 [[:File:lipid supporting materials.pdf|Harper, C. S.; Macdonald, F. V.; Braun, K. L. Student Instructions. 1-7.]]
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 [[:File:nutritional-value-fatty-acid-oils.pdf|Kostik, V.; Memeti, S.; Bauer, B. Fatty Acid Composition of Edible Oils and Fats. ''J. Hygienic Engineering and Design.'' 112-116.]]
-[[:File:gcms archaeology.pdf|Chromatography and Archaeological Materials Analysis. ''The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences,'' John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2018. ]]
+[[:File:gcms archaeology.pdf|[3] Chromatography and Archaeological Materials Analysis. ''The Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sciences,'' John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2018. ]]
 ==Science Seminar Presentation==
 [[:File:Welker_Josie_Spring_Science_Sem.pptx|Science Seminar Presentation]]