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	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=ESR_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=1320</id>
		<title>ESR Lab Activity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=ESR_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=1320"/>
		<updated>2016-05-02T03:56:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Gaussian Calculations */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Introduction==&lt;br /&gt;
We are going to collect an ESR spectrum from a series of substituted hydroquinones.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Hydroquinones.png]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
||Name&lt;br /&gt;
||SDS&lt;br /&gt;
||Molar Mass&lt;br /&gt;
||Sigma Product Number&lt;br /&gt;
||Cost&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||A = Hydroquinone (aka. 1,4-benzohydroquinone)&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Media:Hydroquinone.pdf|SDS]]&lt;br /&gt;
||110.11 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
||[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sial/h9003?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US H9003]&lt;br /&gt;
||22.90 / 100g&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||B = Methylhydroquinone&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Media:Methylhydroquinone.pdf|SDS]]&lt;br /&gt;
||124.14 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
||[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/112968?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US 112968]&lt;br /&gt;
||59.20 / 250g&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||C = 2,3-dimethylhydroquinone&lt;br /&gt;
||[[Media:23Dimethylhydroquinone.pdf|SDS]]&lt;br /&gt;
||138.16 g/mol&lt;br /&gt;
||[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/300756?lang=en&amp;amp;region=US 300756]&lt;br /&gt;
||118.00 / 5g&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Experimental==&lt;br /&gt;
===Beaker Method===&lt;br /&gt;
*Solution A: 1 M NaOH; 1 gram NaOH (39.997 g/mol) into 25 mL EtOH.&lt;br /&gt;
*Solution B: 1 M hydroquinone solution.&lt;br /&gt;
*Procedure: To 2 ml of 1 M hydroquinone solution add 2-3 drops of solution A. A color change will indicate the reaction has occurred. Quickly transfer colored sample to ESR sample tube, place in ESR spectrometer, tune, and collected data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Flow Method=== &lt;br /&gt;
*Solution A: 0.05 M NaOH; 0.05 grams NaOH (39.997 g/mol) into 25 ml EtOH.&lt;br /&gt;
*Solution B: 1 M hydroquinone solution.&lt;br /&gt;
*Procedure: Prepare two 60 ml syringes, 1 with solution A and 1 with solution B.&lt;br /&gt;
*Degas the syringe that contains solution B&lt;br /&gt;
*Attach to double syringe drive&lt;br /&gt;
*Turn on double syringe drive that is attached to ESR&lt;br /&gt;
*Collect data&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Double syringe drive.jpg]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Double Syringe Drive&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Results==&lt;br /&gt;
===1-electron Oxidation of Hydroquinone===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:14BZQ.jpg|500px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is the EPR spectrum of the &amp;quot;hydro-semiquinone&amp;quot; (aka. 1,4-benzosemiquinone)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
EPR Parameters: 9.4 GHz, 3360 G Center field, 15 G sweep width. [Above data needs the x-axis changed over to magnetic field in G]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===1-electron Oxidation of Methylhydroquinone===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EPR_MeH2Q.jpg|500px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
This is the EPR spectrum of the &amp;quot;methyl-hydro-semiquinone&amp;quot; (aka. methyl-semiquinone)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
EPR Parameters: 9.4 GHz, 3360 G Center field, 15 G sweep width. [Above data needs the x-axis changed over to magnetic field in G]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Analysis==&lt;br /&gt;
===WinSim===&lt;br /&gt;
====1-electron Oxidation of Hydroquinone====&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:hydrosemiquinone theoretical vs exp.png|500px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hydrosemiquinone ESR spectrum (black) vs Winsim spectrum (red)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Gaussian Calculations===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
||Atom&lt;br /&gt;
||HF/3-21G&lt;br /&gt;
||HF/6-31G&lt;br /&gt;
||HF/6311G+(2p,d)&lt;br /&gt;
||B3LYP/6-31G&lt;br /&gt;
||B3LYP/3-21G&lt;br /&gt;
||B3LYP/6311G+(2p,d)&lt;br /&gt;
||HF/EPR-ii&lt;br /&gt;
||B3LYP/EPR-II&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||8&lt;br /&gt;
||12.605&lt;br /&gt;
||12.165&lt;br /&gt;
||0.26898&lt;br /&gt;
||1.10213&lt;br /&gt;
||0.85863&lt;br /&gt;
||0.52092&lt;br /&gt;
||10.405&lt;br /&gt;
||0.30942 &lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||9&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.289&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.332&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.18982 &lt;br /&gt;
||-2.73487&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.67806&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.55611&lt;br /&gt;
||-12.281&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.45135&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||11&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.289&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.335&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.19007 &lt;br /&gt;
||-4.10834&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.68141&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.55653&lt;br /&gt;
||-12.281&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.44583&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||12&lt;br /&gt;
||12.604&lt;br /&gt;
||12.167&lt;br /&gt;
||0.26907&lt;br /&gt;
||1.27101&lt;br /&gt;
||0.85927&lt;br /&gt;
||0.52095&lt;br /&gt;
||10.405&lt;br /&gt;
||0.30859&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||19&lt;br /&gt;
||12.604&lt;br /&gt;
||12.169&lt;br /&gt;
||21.28576 &lt;br /&gt;
||1.27509&lt;br /&gt;
||0.85858&lt;br /&gt;
||0.52091&lt;br /&gt;
||10.405&lt;br /&gt;
||0.30943 &lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||20&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.289&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.339&lt;br /&gt;
||-24.52739&lt;br /&gt;
||-4.09995&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.67694&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.55567&lt;br /&gt;
||-12.281&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.45143&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||22&lt;br /&gt;
||-14.289&lt;br /&gt;
||-20.186&lt;br /&gt;
||-24.72440&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.74025&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.68052&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.55603&lt;br /&gt;
||-12.281&lt;br /&gt;
||-2.44580&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||23&lt;br /&gt;
||12.604&lt;br /&gt;
||12.171&lt;br /&gt;
||21.57883&lt;br /&gt;
||1.10424&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.58918&lt;br /&gt;
||0.52091&lt;br /&gt;
||10.405&lt;br /&gt;
||0.30858&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||24&lt;br /&gt;
||0.661&lt;br /&gt;
||0.796&lt;br /&gt;
||17.77623&lt;br /&gt;
||3.46774&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.22807&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.28092&lt;br /&gt;
||0.786&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.40397&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||25&lt;br /&gt;
||0.660&lt;br /&gt;
||0.796&lt;br /&gt;
||17.77641&lt;br /&gt;
||3.27784&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.22870&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.28078&lt;br /&gt;
||0.786&lt;br /&gt;
||-0.40384&lt;br /&gt;
||&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[http://www.gaussian.com/g_tech/g_ur/m_basis_sets.htm Basis Sets]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Conclusions==&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1234</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1234"/>
		<updated>2016-04-28T20:37:01Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WATER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the '''stationary phase'''. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the '''mobile phase'''. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as '''solutes'''. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the '''retention factor''' or '''Rf''' and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EQUATION.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the '''Rf''' determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively '''polar''' stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TLC PLATE.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half ('''safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!'''). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker ('''make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent''') and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BEAKER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  '''Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light'''.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1229</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1229"/>
		<updated>2016-04-28T20:35:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* INTRODUCTION */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WATER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the '''stationary phase'''. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the '''mobile phase'''. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as '''solutes'''. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the '''retention factor''' or '''Rf''' and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EQUATION.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the '''Rf''' determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively '''polar''' stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TLC PLATE.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half ('''safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!'''). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker ('''make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent''') and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BEAKER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  '''Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light'''.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1219</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1219"/>
		<updated>2016-04-28T20:32:53Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Viewing the TLC plate. */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WATER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EQUATION.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TLC PLATE.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half ('''safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!'''). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker ('''make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent''') and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BEAKER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  '''Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light'''.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1218</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1218"/>
		<updated>2016-04-28T20:31:58Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* “Developing” the TLC plates. */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WATER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EQUATION.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TLC PLATE.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half ('''safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!'''). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker ('''make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent''') and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BEAKER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1215</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1215"/>
		<updated>2016-04-28T20:30:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* “Spotting” the plate */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WATER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EQUATION.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TLC PLATE.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half ('''safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!'''). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker (make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent) and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BEAKER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1103</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1103"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T16:06:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:WATER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:EQUATION.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:TLC PLATE.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half (safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker (make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent) and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:BEAKER.png |500px|thumb|center]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1102</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1102"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T16:01:45Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:WATER.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:EQUATION.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:TLC PLATE.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half (safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker (make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent) and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:BEAKER.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:EQUATION.png&amp;diff=1101</id>
		<title>File:EQUATION.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:EQUATION.png&amp;diff=1101"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T16:00:02Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:WATER.png&amp;diff=1100</id>
		<title>File:WATER.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:WATER.png&amp;diff=1100"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T15:58:48Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:BEAKER.png&amp;diff=1099</id>
		<title>File:BEAKER.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:BEAKER.png&amp;diff=1099"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T15:57:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1097</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1097"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T15:55:38Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* INTRODUCTION */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
[[In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:AIr ASPIRIN.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
[[“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half (safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker (make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent) and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:TLC_PLATE.png&amp;diff=1095</id>
		<title>File:TLC PLATE.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:TLC_PLATE.png&amp;diff=1095"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T15:55:00Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:AIr_ASPIRIN.png&amp;diff=1078</id>
		<title>File:AIr ASPIRIN.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:AIr_ASPIRIN.png&amp;diff=1078"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T15:51:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1068</id>
		<title>Chromatographic Analysis Of Synthesized Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASPIRIN)</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Chromatographic_Analysis_Of_Synthesized_Acetylsalicylic_Acid_(ASPIRIN)&amp;diff=1068"/>
		<updated>2016-04-22T15:49:14Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: Created page with &amp;quot;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN) '''  ==PURPOSE== In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to ana...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;'''CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SYNTHESIZED ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASPIRIN)&lt;br /&gt;
'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PURPOSE==&lt;br /&gt;
[[In this week’s lab activity, you will use thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyze the purity of the acetylsalicylic acid you synthesized in lab. TLC will also be used to analyze other active ingredients found in an over-the-counter (OTC) pain reliever. Also in this lab, we will start to work on quality lab technique!]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==INTRODUCTION==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Chromatography is a term used to describe a general method for separating a mixture of compounds. The term literally means, &amp;quot;to write with color&amp;quot; since this process was originally used to separate colored plant pigments. The following is a brief introduction chromatography. In this explanation, we use a model system that uses the commonly known material, VelcroTM. Please note, the use of VelcroTM is only a macroscopic analogy to chromatography and not actually the way it operates on the scale of molecules.&lt;br /&gt;
	Imagine a tube several inches in diameter and a foot long, as shown below. The inside of the tube (the stationary phase) is covered with VelcroTM.  There are three balls; one is smooth, like a marble, another is completely covered with VelcroTM and the last ball is partially covered with VelcroTM. The three balls are placed at the left side of the tube as below.  A strong air stream (the mobile phase) is directed through the tube and is allowed to blow the balls through the tube. Which ball will travel fastest through the tube? Which ball will travel slowest through the tube?&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After contemplation, it is not unreasonable to assume that the smooth, marble-like ball would not interact with the VelcroTM and hence would travel through the tube the fastest. Similarly, it is reasonable to assume that the ball completely covered with VelcroTM would interact with the inside of the tube and would travel through the tube the slowest. The ball partially covered with VelcroTM would interact less with the tube than the fully covered ball, but would interact more than the smooth ball, hence it is reasonable to assume that this ball would travel at an intermediate speed through the tube.&lt;br /&gt;
	The main principle of chromatography is that compounds (the balls) interact with the stationary phase (VelcroTM) to different degrees and hence travel at different rates.  If, instead of a tube of VelcroTM, a flat surface is used, and instead of air, water is used, the results would be the same for the same three balls.  The VelcroTM covered ball would travel the slowest, the smooth ball would travel the fastest, and the partially covered ball would move at a speed between the other two.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Now let us consider a more chemically based set of circumstances.  First our flat surface will no longer be a VelcroTM covered plate, but rather a piece of chromatography paper; this chromatography paper will be orientated vertically. The VelcroTM covered balls are analogous to chemical compounds. The solvent will move the chemical compounds up the chromatography paper just like the air moved the balls through the tube or the water moved the VelcroTM balls across the plate. The chemicals compounds that interact less with the chromatography paper will move up the paper faster than those chemicals that interact more.  A schematic of this system is shown to the right.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The above model systems have been given to illustrate the concepts and vocabulary of chromatography. The chromatography paper is referred to as the stationary phase. The solvent that moves through the chromatography paper is referred to as the mobile phase. The chemical compounds that interact to a different extent with the stationary and mobile phase are referred to as solutes. We can use the ratio of the distance the solvent traveled to the distance the solutes travel to identifying the compound in the mixture.   This ratio is known as the retention factor or Rf and is calculated by the following equation:&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The retention factor is always between 0.0 and 1.0.  Ideally, the Rf determined under a certain set of chromatography conditions will always be the same for a single compound.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
In this experiment you will use a thin layer chromatography plate to separate a mixture of solutes that are found in your synthesized acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). TLC plates are made of silica adhered to a plastic film. Silica is a relatively polar stationary phase. We will be using a mobile phase that is a mixture of toluene, diethyl ether, acetic acid and methanol.  The TLC plates that we will be using have a fluorescent dye mixed into the silica that allows us to easily see the solutes on the TLC plate. The plates are “developed” vertically in a beaker with the mobile phase. Because acetylsalicylic acid interacts differently with the stationary phase than salicylic acid, we will be able to determine the relative amounts of these two solutes in your final product. We will determine if your synthesis was complete (one spot on the TLC plate that is acetylsalicylic acid) or not complete (two spots on the TLC plate, suggesting both acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid are present). You will also analyze a sample of pure salicylic acid, aspirin, caffeine (which is often found in over-the-counter pain relievers), and one over-the-counter pain reliever.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==PROCEDURE==&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of samples==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Obtain the following compounds. In a small beaker dissolve ~ 5 mg (the size of a match head) of each chemical compound in ~2 mL of methanol. Each compound is placed in a separate beaker.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Salicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
2) Acetylsalicylic acid&lt;br /&gt;
3) Your synthesized sample&lt;br /&gt;
4) Caffeine&lt;br /&gt;
5) An over-the counter-pain reliever]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Preparation of TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Obtain a 10 x 5 cm TLC plate (touch only on the edges—don’t touch the white surface) and lightly draw a line with a pencil (do not disturb the silica layer) about 2.0 cm from the end (as shown).  Draw 5 hash marks (starting ~1 cm in from the edge) that are ~1 cm apart.  Label the marks 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; these numbers correspond to the compounds listed above. In addition, put your initials on the top edge of the TCL plate.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Spotting” the plate==&lt;br /&gt;
[[“Spotters” have been made for us by the our lab manager…thanks Steve! Take a spotter and break it in half (safety glasses are optional at this point since the small fragments of glass that may be produced while breaking the spotter are easily removed from your eyes…NOT!). Dip the tip into one of your samples and then touch the tip to the correct hash mark on the plate to deposit the sample.  Let the solvent evaporate for a few seconds and repeat the procedure with the same sample. You will need to spot the sample 2-5 times to deposit enough of the sample. Repeat the procedure with the other samples.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==“Developing” the TLC plates.==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Make a TLC chamber using a 400 mL beaker.  Place a small amount (~10 mL) of prepared solvent (120 parts toluene, 60 parts diethyl ether, 20 parts glacial acetic, acid and 1 part methanol) in the bottom of the beaker. Place your TLC plate in the beaker (make sure the pencil line and spots are above the solvent) and cover the beaker with a watchglass. The mobile phase will start to move slowly up the plate. When the solvent front gets close (~1cm) to the top of the plate, remove the plate from the beaker, and place in on a paper towel in the hood. Draw a line with a pencil to mark the solvent front and let the TLC plate dry in the hood.]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Viewing the TLC plate.==&lt;br /&gt;
[[Place the plate under the UV light and turn the light on.  Caution: UV light is harmful to the eyes and skin: Do not look directly at the light.  Lightly mark the spots with a pencil and note the color of each of the spots in your lab notebook. Return to your lab bench, sketch a picture of the TLC plate in your lab notebook, and measure the distance to the solvent front and each individual spot moved. Make a table in your lab notebook to contain all of this information. Calculate the Rf value of each compound. Indicate in your lab notebook the compounds that were in each of the individual spots. Comment on the purity of your synthesized aspirin sample.]]&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=853</id>
		<title>Flow Cell Lab Activity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=853"/>
		<updated>2016-04-14T22:07:35Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Flow Cell Experimentation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Introduction to Flow Cells==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yflow_cell.PNG|thumb|100px|frame|right|Typical Y-Flow Cell with Laminar Flow]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of this experiment was to see if distinguishing a flow cells mixing area would change the flow through the system. In a regular T- or Y-flow cell there is a laminar flow, a flow in which the two sides do not mix, that can be manipulated to give a non-laminar flow through the system. Using ten different manipulation of a typical flow cell, a way of having a non-laminar flow was experimented. Blue and yellow dyed RO water was used to determine the laminar/non-laminar flow of the flow cells by way of peristaltic flow pumps and gravity filtration. These flow cells were created using TinkerCAD to make a virtual object, 3D printed, and cast with silicon. To attach the pumps, either peristaltic or gravity, to the flow cell, an acrylic plastic was drilled and tapped at the precise measurements of the individual flow cells created. Each flow cell was used and it was determined which resulted in laminar flow and which resulted in non-laminar flow as shown below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Producing The Virtual Object==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Getting Started with TinkerCAD===&lt;br /&gt;
* Go to the TinkerCAD website (https://www.tinkercad.com/)&lt;br /&gt;
* Create an account or Login to an existing account&lt;br /&gt;
* Click on Create a New Design to get started.&lt;br /&gt;
* There are tutorials available in TinkerCAD to get used to object placements and using different shapes. Also refer this link (https://www.tinkercad.com/quests/)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Dimensions of the Mold===&lt;br /&gt;
* The Outer Box : 56 mm X 26 mm with a height of 7 mm with a 2 mm bottom&lt;br /&gt;
* Interior Channels : Channel height is 2 mm and the width of each channel is 2 mm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Things to Note===&lt;br /&gt;
* Use cylinders for mixing chambers instead of spheres to avoid undercuts.&lt;br /&gt;
* For channels, ideally use boxes instead of half cylinders or cylinders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Exporting the file===&lt;br /&gt;
Once the design is complete. Click the &amp;quot;Design&amp;quot; tab located to the top left corner of the screen and export the file as .STL&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Tinker1.png|thumb|400px|right|Box Dimensions]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Tinker2.png|thumb|400px|right|Exporting File]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prep for 3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A gcode file is required in order to print an object on the 3D printer. This file can be created by exporting one's Tinkercad object as an STL. The STL file can be imported into Matter Control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gcode file contains settings specific to the 3D printer being used in production of the flow cell. As a result, one must ensure that the proper printer, material, and settings are chosen before exportation of the final gcode.&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|Rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|[[File:Printer.PNG|200px|thumb|center|Select The Printer in Matter Control]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Layers.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Infill.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Infill Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Raft.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Raft Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Support.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Support Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Filament.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Filament Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Cooling.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Cooling Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Silicon Casting==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the 3D-printed cast has been made, now the actual flow cell can be created. We have used a 10:1 ratio of Slygard 184 (a silicon monomer) to curating agent, or about 5 grams Slygard 184 to 0.5 grams curating agent. After this is mixed thoroughly, we pour it into the cast and place it in a desiccator and place a vacuum on it to let the air bubbles come to the surface; once the vacuum is taken off, the bubbles will pop if left long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Cast in desiccator.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Silicon mold in Desiccator]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After this, we can leave the cast to curate, or let the silicon harden and shape to the cast. There were a few ways this was done. Some put their cast into the oven, but due to the low melting temperature of the acrylic plastic, they started to melt, making them unable to be reused. Others, however, left theirs out over the time span of a week to harden. A table of how they have been done is listed below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png|600px|thumb|center|Curing Times]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Construction==&lt;br /&gt;
After completing the casting, the mold was placed on two glass slides. This created a sandwich in which solution could pass through. Holes were drilled on one of the glass slide, corresponding to each model using a driller of size 2mm. Adapters between the slide holes and mold model were utilized to allow the solutions inside. Solutions were made using color dyes blue and yellow in 500 ml of water. A waste beaker was used to collect the mixed solutions. &lt;br /&gt;
Peristaltic pumps were used to pump the colored solutions into the flow cell. &lt;br /&gt;
The rate of pumping differed in every model. &lt;br /&gt;
===[[File:Brads Flow Cell.PNG|200px]]===&lt;br /&gt;
===[[File:Flow setup .PNG|700px]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Experimentation==&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!colspan=&amp;quot;11&amp;quot;|Physical Chemistry 2 April 2016 Results&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|Brad&lt;br /&gt;
|Chris&lt;br /&gt;
|Morgan&lt;br /&gt;
|Tyler&lt;br /&gt;
|Ian&lt;br /&gt;
|Kayla&lt;br /&gt;
|Matt&lt;br /&gt;
|Priscilla&lt;br /&gt;
|Deysi&lt;br /&gt;
|Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Model&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Chris_Tinker.PNG |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Morgan%27sVirtual.PNG|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Tylers Tinkercad.PNG|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Ian's_Mixer_Thing.PNG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Kaylas 3D idea.PNG |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:TinkerCad.png|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Pris's Tinker.png|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Deysi model Flowc cell 2.JPG|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:SujFlowCell.PNG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Printed Mold&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Chris_Printed.png|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:MReality.PNG |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Tylers mould.PNG |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Kaylas 3D reality.png |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Flowcell Mold.jpg |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Pris' Printed.png|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Deysi printed IMG 7598-1-.JPG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Result&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Brads Flow Cell.PNG|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Done.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Morgan%27sFlow.PNG |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Mixer.gif|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Pris' Flow cell.PNG|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Deysi flow cell final.jpg|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:FlowSuj.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Mixer.gif&amp;diff=852</id>
		<title>File:Mixer.gif</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Mixer.gif&amp;diff=852"/>
		<updated>2016-04-14T22:06:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=851</id>
		<title>Flow Cell Lab Activity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=851"/>
		<updated>2016-04-14T21:52:30Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Flow Cell Experimentation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Introduction to Flow Cells==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yflow_cell.PNG|thumb|100px|frame|right|Typical Y-Flow Cell with Laminar Flow]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of this experiment was to see if distinguishing a flow cells mixing area would change the flow through the system. In a regular T- or Y-flow cell there is a laminar flow, a flow in which the two sides do not mix, that can be manipulated to give a non-laminar flow through the system. Using ten different manipulation of a typical flow cell, a way of having a non-laminar flow was experimented. Blue and yellow dyed RO water was used to determine the laminar/non-laminar flow of the flow cells by way of peristaltic flow pumps and gravity filtration. These flow cells were created using TinkerCAD to make a virtual object, 3D printed, and cast with silicon. To attach the pumps, either peristaltic or gravity, to the flow cell, an acrylic plastic was drilled and tapped at the precise measurements of the individual flow cells created. Each flow cell was used and it was determined which resulted in laminar flow and which resulted in non-laminar flow as shown below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Producing The Virtual Object==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Getting Started with TinkerCAD===&lt;br /&gt;
* Go to the TinkerCAD website (https://www.tinkercad.com/)&lt;br /&gt;
* Create an account or Login to an existing account&lt;br /&gt;
* Click on Create a New Design to get started.&lt;br /&gt;
* There are tutorials available in TinkerCAD to get used to object placements and using different shapes. Also refer this link (https://www.tinkercad.com/quests/)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Dimensions of the Mold===&lt;br /&gt;
* The Outer Box : 56 mm X 26 mm with a height of 7 mm with a 2 mm bottom&lt;br /&gt;
* Interior Channels : Channel height is 2 mm and the width of each channel is 2 mm&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Things to Note===&lt;br /&gt;
* Use cylinders for mixing chambers instead of spheres to avoid undercuts.&lt;br /&gt;
* For channels, ideally use boxes instead of half cylinders or cylinders.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
===Exporting the file===&lt;br /&gt;
Once the design is complete. Click the &amp;quot;Design&amp;quot; tab located to the top left corner of the screen and export the file as .STL&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Tinker1.png|thumb|400px|right|Box Dimensions]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Tinker2.png|thumb|400px|right|Exporting File]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prep for 3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A gcode file is required in order to print an object on the 3D printer. This file can be created by exporting one's Tinkercad object as an STL. The STL file can be imported into Matter Control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gcode file contains settings specific to the 3D printer being used in production of the flow cell. As a result, one must ensure that the proper printer, material, and settings are chosen before exportation of the final gcode.&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|Rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|[[File:Printer.PNG|200px|thumb|center|Select The Printer in Matter Control]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Layers.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Infill.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Infill Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Raft.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Raft Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Support.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Support Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Filament.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Filament Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Cooling.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Cooling Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Silicon Casting==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the 3D-printed cast has been made, now the actual flow cell can be created. We have used a 10:1 ratio of Slygard 184 (a silicon monomer) to curating agent, or about 5 grams Slygard 184 to 0.5 grams curating agent. After this is mixed thoroughly, we pour it into the cast and place it in a desiccator and place a vacuum on it to let the air bubbles come to the surface; once the vacuum is taken off, the bubbles will pop if left long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Cast in desiccator.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Silicon mold in Desiccator]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After this, we can leave the cast to curate, or let the silicon harden and shape to the cast. There were a few ways this was done. Some put their cast into the oven, but due to the low melting temperature of the acrylic plastic, they started to melt, making them unable to be reused. Others, however, left theirs out over the time span of a week to harden. A table of how they have been done is listed below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png|600px|thumb|center|Curing Times]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Construction==&lt;br /&gt;
After completing the casting, the mold was placed on two glass slides. This created a sandwich in which solution could pass through. Holes were drilled on one of the glass slide, corresponding to each model using a driller of size 2mm. Adapters between the slide holes and mold model were utilized to allow the solutions inside. Solutions were made using color dyes blue and yellow in 500 ml of water. A waste beaker was used to collect the mixed solutions. &lt;br /&gt;
Peristaltic pumps were used to pump the colored solutions into the flow cell. &lt;br /&gt;
The rate of pumping differed in every model. &lt;br /&gt;
===[[File:Brads Flow Cell.PNG|200px]]===&lt;br /&gt;
===[[File:Flow setup .PNG|700px]]===&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Experimentation==&lt;br /&gt;
{|class=&amp;quot;wikitable&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
!colspan=&amp;quot;11&amp;quot;|Physical Chemistry 2 April 2016 Results&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|Brad&lt;br /&gt;
|Chris&lt;br /&gt;
|Morgan&lt;br /&gt;
|Tyler&lt;br /&gt;
|Ian&lt;br /&gt;
|Kayla&lt;br /&gt;
|Matt&lt;br /&gt;
|Priscilla&lt;br /&gt;
|Deysi&lt;br /&gt;
|Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Model&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Chris_Tinker.PNG |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Morgan%27sVirtual.PNG|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Tylers Tinkercad.PNG|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Ian's_Mixer_Thing.PNG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Kaylas 3D idea.PNG |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:TinkerCad.png|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Pris's Tinker.png|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Deysi model Flowc cell 2.JPG|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:SujFlowCell.PNG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Printed Mold&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Chris_Printed.png|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:MReality.PNG |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Tylers mould.PNG |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Kaylas 3D reality.png |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Flowcell Mold.jpg |100px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Pris' Printed.png|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Deysi printed IMG 7598-1-.JPG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|Result&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Brads Flow Cell.PNG|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Done.png |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Morgan%27sFlow.PNG |200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Pris' Flow cell.PNG|300px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Deysi flow cell final.jpg|150px]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:FlowSuj.gif]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Flowcell_Mold.jpg&amp;diff=850</id>
		<title>File:Flowcell Mold.jpg</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Flowcell_Mold.jpg&amp;diff=850"/>
		<updated>2016-04-14T21:46:36Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=714</id>
		<title>Flow Cell Lab Activity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=714"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T21:36:47Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Flow Cell Experimentation */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Introduction to Flow Cells==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yflow_cell.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Typical Y-Flow Cell with Laminar Flow]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of this experiment was to see if distinguishing a flow cells mixing area would change the flow through the system. In a regular T- or Y-flow cell there is a laminar flow, a flow in which the two sides do not mix, that can be manipulated to give a non-laminar flow through the system. Using ten different manipulation of a typical flow cell, a way of having a non-laminar flow was experimented. Blue and yellow dyed RO water was used to determine the laminar/non-laminar flow of the flow cells by way of parastaltic flow pumps. These flow cells were created using Tinkercad to make a virtual object, 3D printed, and casted with silicon. To attach the parastaltic pumps to the flow cell, an acrylic plastic was drilled and tapped at the precise measurements of the flow cell created. Each flow cell was used and it was determined which resulted in laminar flow and which resulted in non-laminar flow as shown below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Producing The Virtual Object==&lt;br /&gt;
Tinkercad.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prep for 3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A gcode file is required in order to print an object on the 3D printer. This file can be created by exporting one's Tinkercad object as an STL. The STL file can be imported into Matter Control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gcode file contains settings specific to the 3D printer being used in production of the flow cell. As a result, one must ensure that the proper printer, material, and settings are chosen before exportation of the final gcode.&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|Rowspan=&amp;quot;2&amp;quot;|[[File:Printer.PNG|200px|thumb|center|Select The Printer in Matter Control]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Layers.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Infill.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Infill Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Raft.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Raft Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Support.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Support Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Filament.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Filament Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Cooling.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Cooling Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Silicon Casting==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the 3D-printed cast has been made, now the actual flow cell can be created. We have used a 10:1 ratio of Slygard 184 (a silicon monomer) to curating agent, or about 5 grams Slygard 184 to 0.5 grams curating agent. After this is mixed thoroughly, we pour it into the cast and place it in a desiccator and place a vacuum on it to let the air bubbles come to the surface; once the vacuum is taken off, the bubbles will pop if left long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Cast in desiccator.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After this, we can leave the cast to curate, or let the silicon harden and shape to the cast. There were a few ways this was done. Some put their cast into the oven, but due to the low melting temperature of the acrylic plastic, they started to melt, making them unable to be reused. Others, however, left theirs out over the time span of a week to harden. A table of how they have been done is listed below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png|600px|thumb|center|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Construction==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Brads Flow Cell.PNG|200px]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Experimentation==&lt;br /&gt;
video/camera&lt;br /&gt;
results&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| Brad ||Chris||Morgan||Tyler||Ian||Kayla||Matt||Priscilla||Desyi||Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1||[[File:Chris_Tinker.PNG |200px]][[File:Chris_Printed.png|200px]]||[[File:Morgan%27sVirtual.PNG|100px]][[File:MReality.PNG |100px]]||[[File:Tylers Tinkercad.PNG|100px]][[File:Tylers mould.PNG |100px]]||[[File:Ian's_Mixer_Thing.PNG|200px]]||[[File:Kaylas 3D idea.PNG |150px]][[File:Kaylas 3D reality.png |150px]]||[[File:TinkerCad.png|100px]]||8||9||10&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1||2||[[File:Morgan%27sFlow.PNG |200px]]||4||5||6||7||8||9||10&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:TinkerCad.png&amp;diff=705</id>
		<title>File:TinkerCad.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:TinkerCad.png&amp;diff=705"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T21:22:15Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=682</id>
		<title>Flow Cell Lab Activity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=682"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T21:05:22Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Silicon Casting */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Introduction to Flow Cells==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yflow_cell.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Typical Y-Flow Cell with Laminar Flow]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of this experiment was to see if distinguishing a flow cells mixing area would change the flow through the system. In a regular T- or Y-flow cell there is a laminar flow, a flow in which the two sides do not mix, that can be manipulated to give a non-laminar flow through the system. Using ten different manipulation of a typical flow cell, a way of having a non-laminar flow was experimented. Blue and yellow dyed RO water was used to determine the laminar/non-laminar flow of the flow cells by way of parastaltic flow pumps. These flow cells were created using Tinkercad to make a virtual object, 3D printed, and casted with silicon. To attach the parastaltic pumps to the flow cell, an acrylic plastic was drilled and tapped at the precise measurements of the flow cell created. Each flow cell was used and it was determined which resulted in laminar flow and which resulted in non-laminar flow as shown below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Producing The Virtual Object==&lt;br /&gt;
Tinkercad.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prep for 3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
A gcode file is required in order to print an object on the 3D printer. This file can be created by exporting one's Tinkercad object as an STL. The STL file can be imported into Matter Control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gcode file contains settings specific to the 3D printer being used in production of the flow cell. As a result, one must ensure that the proper printer, material, and settings are chosen before exportation of the final gcode.&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|Rowspan=&amp;quot;3&amp;quot;|[[File:Printer.PNG|200px|thumb|center|Select The Printer in Matter Control]]&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Settings_Layers.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Infill.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Infill Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Raft.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Raft Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Settings_Support.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Support Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Filament.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Filament Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Cooling.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Cooling Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Silicon Casting==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the 3D-printed cast has been made, now the actual flow cell can be created. We have used a 10:1 ratio of Slygard 184 (a silicon monomer) to curating agent, or about 5 grams Slygard 184 to 0.5 grams curating agent. After this is mixed thoroughly, we pour it into the cast and place it in a desiccator and place a vacuum on it to let the air bubbles come to the surface; once the vacuum is taken off, the bubbles will pop if left long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Cast in desiccator.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After this, we can leave the cast to curate, or let the silicon harden and shape to the cast. There were a few ways this was done. Some put their cast into the oven, but due to the low melting temperature of the acrylic plastic, they started to melt, making them unable to be reused. Others, however, left theirs out over the time span of a week to harden. A table of how they have been done is listed below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png|600px|thumb|center|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Construction==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Experimentation==&lt;br /&gt;
video/camera&lt;br /&gt;
results&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| Brad ||Chris||Morgan||Tyler||Ian||Kayla||Matt||Priscilla||Desyi||Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1||[[File:Chris_Tinker.PNG |200px]][[File:Chris_Printed.png|200px]]||[[File:Morgan%27sVirtual.PNG|100px]][[File:MReality.PNG |100px]]||4||5||6||7||8||9||10&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_4.01.54_PM.png&amp;diff=681</id>
		<title>File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_4.01.54_PM.png&amp;diff=681"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T21:04:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: Ahmadpauzi uploaded a new version of File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_4.01.54_PM.png&amp;diff=680</id>
		<title>File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 4.01.54 PM.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_4.01.54_PM.png&amp;diff=680"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T21:03:07Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=677</id>
		<title>Flow Cell Lab Activity</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Flow_Cell_Lab_Activity&amp;diff=677"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T21:00:31Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Silicon Casting */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Introduction to Flow Cells==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Yflow_cell.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Typical Y-Flow Cell with Laminar Flow]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The purpose of this experiment was to see if distinguishing a flow cells mixing area would change the flow through the system. In a regular T- or Y-flow cell there is a laminar flow, a flow in which the two sides do not mix, that can be manipulated to give a non-laminar flow through the system. Using ten different manipulation of a typical flow cell, a way of having a non-laminar flow was experimented. Blue and yellow dyed RO water was used to determine the laminar/non-laminar flow of the flow cells by way of parastaltic flow pumps. These flow cells were created using Tinkercad to make a virtual object, 3D printed, and casted with silicon. To attach the parastaltic pumps to the flow cell, an acrylic plastic was drilled and tapped at the precise measurements of the flow cell created. Each flow cell was used and it was determined which resulted in laminar flow and which resulted in non-laminar flow as shown below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Producing The Virtual Object==&lt;br /&gt;
Tinkercad.com&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Prep for 3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Printer.PNG|200px|thumb|right|top|Select The Printer in Matter Control]]&lt;br /&gt;
A gcode file is required in order to print an object on the 3D printer. This file can be created by exporting one's Tinkercad object as an STL. The STL file can be imported into Matter Control.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
The gcode file contains settings specific to the 3D printer being used in production of the flow cell. As a result, one must ensure that the proper printer, material, and settings are chosen before exportation of the final gcode.&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Settings_Layers.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Infill.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Infill Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Raft.PNG |200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Raft Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|[[File:Settings_Support.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Support Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Filament.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Filament Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
||[[File:Settings_Filament_Cooling.PNG|200px|thumb|right|Matter Control Cooling Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==3d Printing==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Silicon Casting==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After the 3D- printed cast has been made, now the actual flow cell can be created. We have used a 10:1 ratio of Slygard 184 (a silicon monomer) to curating agent, or about 5 grams Slygard 184 to 0.5 grams curating agent. After this is mixed thoroughly, we pour it into the cast and place it in a desiccator and place a vacuum on it to let the air bubbles come to the surface; once the vacuum is taken off, the bubbles will pop if left long enough. &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Cast in desiccator.jpg|200px|thumb|center|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
After this, we can leave the cast to curate, or let the silicon harden and shape to the cast. There were a few ways this was done. Some put their cast into the oven, but due to the low melting temperature of the acrylic plastic, they started to melt, making them unable to be reused. Others, however, left theirs out over the time span of a week to harden. A table of how they have been done is listed below.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[File:Siliconecasting.png|600px|thumb|center|Matter Control Layer Settings]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Construction==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Flow Cell Experimentation==&lt;br /&gt;
video/camera&lt;br /&gt;
results&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
{|align=&amp;quot;center&amp;quot;&lt;br /&gt;
| Brad ||Chris||Morgan||Tyler||Ian||Kayla||Matt||Priscilla||Desyi||Sujith&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1||[[File:Chris_Tinker.PNG |200px]][[File:Chris_Printed.png|200px]]||[[File:Morgan%27sVirtual.PNG|100px]][[File:MReality.PNG |100px]]||4||5||6||7||8||9||10&lt;br /&gt;
|-&lt;br /&gt;
|1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||10&lt;br /&gt;
|}&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Siliconecasting.png&amp;diff=674</id>
		<title>File:Siliconecasting.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Siliconecasting.png&amp;diff=674"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T20:57:57Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_3.51.46_PM.png&amp;diff=662</id>
		<title>File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 3.51.46 PM.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_3.51.46_PM.png&amp;diff=662"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T20:52:40Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_3.49.31_PM.png&amp;diff=657</id>
		<title>File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 3.49.31 PM.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_3.49.31_PM.png&amp;diff=657"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T20:50:08Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_3.45.26_PM.png&amp;diff=654</id>
		<title>File:Screen Shot 2016-04-07 at 3.45.26 PM.png</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=File:Screen_Shot_2016-04-07_at_3.45.26_PM.png&amp;diff=654"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T20:48:56Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=615</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=615"/>
		<updated>2016-04-07T19:11:06Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Presentations */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fall 2015: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016|Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=603</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=603"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T01:03:20Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fall 2015: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016|Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Enzymatic Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=602</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=602"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T01:03:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fall 2015: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016|Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Enzymatic Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016&amp;diff=601</id>
		<title>Pauzi Research Spring 2016</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016&amp;diff=601"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T01:02:55Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Proposed Project Description==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are interested in understanding the enzymatic oxidation of biophenols. We will use the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to collect relevant data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Abstract==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Methyleugneol is a phenolic type of flavourant found in essential oils, which is primarily derived from cloves. This compound has been known to be a human carcinogen listed on the National Toxicology Program Report. Evidence suggests that Eugenol displays an extensive span of biological activities.Furthermore, studies has shown that Eugenol to be carcinogenic after long term dietary administration in animals at high doses. The mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis resulted from the bioactivation of the Methyleugenol has also shown to occur in the liver. The mechanism behind the chemical oxidation of Eugenol is that it gives a one electron oxidation to form a Eugenol radical and the radical will recombine together in a couple of different ways to form polymers. In this study, we show that Eugenol undergoes Enzymatic oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish peroxidase to form free radicals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Sipe, H. J., Lardinois, O. M., &amp;amp; Mason, R. P. (2014). Free Radical Metabolism of Methyleugenol and Related Compounds. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 27(4), 483–489. http://doi.org/10.1021/tx400256b&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2) Chowdhry, B. Z., Ryall, J. P., Dines, T. J., &amp;amp; Mendham, A. P. (2015). Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Eugenol, Isoeugenol, and Methyl Eugenol: Conformational Analysis and Vibrational Assignments from    Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Anharmonic Fundamentals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 119(46), 11280–11292. http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07607&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3) Mastelić, J., Jerković, I., Blažević, I., Poljak-Blaži, M., Borović, S., Ivančić-Baće, I., … Müller, N. (2008). Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Carvacrol, Thymol, and Eugenol Derivatives. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(11), 3989–3996. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf073272v&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4) Ruff, C., Hör, K., Weckerle, B., König, T., &amp;amp; Schreier, P. (2002). Authenticity Assessment of Estragole and Methyl Eugenol by On-Line Gas Chromatography−Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(5), 1028–1031. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf011204h&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5) Olbert-Majkut, A., &amp;amp; Wierzejewska, M. (2008). Conformational Study of Eugenol by Density Functional Theory Method and Matrix-Isolation Infrared Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112(25), 5691–5699&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current Progress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''March 2016'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have now been able to collect some chromatograms related to my research project.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016&amp;diff=600</id>
		<title>Pauzi Research Spring 2016</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016&amp;diff=600"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T01:02:25Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Proposed Project Description==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are interested in understanding the enzymatic oxidation of biophenols. We will use the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to collect relevant data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Abstract== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Methyleugneol is a phenolic type of flavourant found in essential oils, which is primarily derived from cloves. This compound has been known to be a human carcinogen listed on the National Toxicology Program Report. Evidence suggests that Eugenol displays an extensive span of biological activities.Furthermore, studies has shown that Eugenol to be carcinogenic after long term dietary administration in animals at high doses. The mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis resulted from the bioactivation of the Methyleugenol has also shown to occur in the liver. The mechanism behind the chemical oxidation of Eugenol is that it gives a one electron oxidation to form a Eugenol radical and the radical will recombine together in a couple of different ways to form polymers. In this study, we show that Eugenol undergoes Enzymatic oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish peroxidase to form free radicals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Sipe, H. J., Lardinois, O. M., &amp;amp; Mason, R. P. (2014). Free Radical Metabolism of Methyleugenol and Related Compounds. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 27(4), 483–489. http://doi.org/10.1021/tx400256b&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2) Chowdhry, B. Z., Ryall, J. P., Dines, T. J., &amp;amp; Mendham, A. P. (2015). Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Eugenol, Isoeugenol, and Methyl Eugenol: Conformational Analysis and Vibrational Assignments from    Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Anharmonic Fundamentals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 119(46), 11280–11292. http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07607&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3) Mastelić, J., Jerković, I., Blažević, I., Poljak-Blaži, M., Borović, S., Ivančić-Baće, I., … Müller, N. (2008). Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Carvacrol, Thymol, and Eugenol Derivatives. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(11), 3989–3996. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf073272v&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4) Ruff, C., Hör, K., Weckerle, B., König, T., &amp;amp; Schreier, P. (2002). Authenticity Assessment of Estragole and Methyl Eugenol by On-Line Gas Chromatography−Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(5), 1028–1031. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf011204h&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5) Olbert-Majkut, A., &amp;amp; Wierzejewska, M. (2008). Conformational Study of Eugenol by Density Functional Theory Method and Matrix-Isolation Infrared Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112(25), 5691–5699&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current Progress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''March 2016'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have now been able to collect some chromatograms related to my research project.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016&amp;diff=599</id>
		<title>Pauzi Research Spring 2016</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016&amp;diff=599"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T01:01:04Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: Created page with &amp;quot;==Proposed Project Description==  We are interested in understanding the enzymatic oxidation of biophenols. We will use the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to co...&amp;quot;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;==Proposed Project Description==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
We are interested in understanding the enzymatic oxidation of biophenols. We will use the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to collect relevant data.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''References'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
1) Sipe, H. J., Lardinois, O. M., &amp;amp; Mason, R. P. (2014). Free Radical Metabolism of Methyleugenol and Related Compounds. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 27(4), 483–489. http://doi.org/10.1021/tx400256b&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
2) Chowdhry, B. Z., Ryall, J. P., Dines, T. J., &amp;amp; Mendham, A. P. (2015). Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Eugenol, Isoeugenol, and Methyl Eugenol: Conformational Analysis and Vibrational Assignments from    Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Anharmonic Fundamentals. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 119(46), 11280–11292. http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.5b07607&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
3) Mastelić, J., Jerković, I., Blažević, I., Poljak-Blaži, M., Borović, S., Ivančić-Baće, I., … Müller, N. (2008). Comparative Study on the Antioxidant and Biological Activities of Carvacrol, Thymol, and Eugenol Derivatives. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 56(11), 3989–3996. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf073272v&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
4) Ruff, C., Hör, K., Weckerle, B., König, T., &amp;amp; Schreier, P. (2002). Authenticity Assessment of Estragole and Methyl Eugenol by On-Line Gas Chromatography−Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(5), 1028–1031. http://doi.org/10.1021/jf011204h&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
5) Olbert-Majkut, A., &amp;amp; Wierzejewska, M. (2008). Conformational Study of Eugenol by Density Functional Theory Method and Matrix-Isolation Infrared Spectroscopy. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112(25), 5691–5699&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Current Progress==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
'''March 2016'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
I have now been able to collect some chromatograms related to my research project.&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=598</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=598"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T00:55:37Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Undergraduate Research Activities */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Enzymatic Oxidation of Methyleugenol &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Methyleugneol is a phenolic type of flavourant found in essential oils, which is primarily derived from cloves. This compound has been known to be a human carcinogen listed on the National Toxicology Program Report. Evidence suggests that Eugenol displays an extensive span of biological activities.Furthermore, studies has shown that Eugenol to be carcinogenic after long term dietary administration in animals at high doses. The mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis resulted from the bioactivation of the Methyleugenol has also shown to occur in the liver. The mechanism behind the chemical oxidation of Eugenol is that it gives a one electron oxidation to form a Eugenol radical and the radical will recombine together in a couple of different ways to form polymers. In this study, we show that Eugenol undergoes Enzymatic oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish peroxidase to form free radicals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Fall 2015: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016|Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Enzymatic Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=597</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=597"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T00:54:46Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Undergraduate Research Activities */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Enzymatic Oxidation of Methyleugenol &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Methyleugneol is a phenolic type of flavourant found in essential oils, which is primarily derived from cloves. This compound has been known to be a human carcinogen listed on the National Toxicology Program Report. Evidence suggests that Eugenol displays an extensive span of biological activities.Furthermore, studies has shown that Eugenol to be carcinogenic after long term dietary administration in animals at high doses. The mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis resulted from the bioactivation of the Methyleugenol has also shown to occur in the liver. The mechanism behind the chemical oxidation of Eugenol is that it gives a one electron oxidation to form a Eugenol radical and the radical will recombine together in a couple of different ways to form polymers. In this study, we show that Eugenol undergoes Enzymatic oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish peroxidase to form free radicals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016|Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Enzymatic Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=596</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=596"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T00:54:09Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: /* Undergraduate Research Activities */&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Enzymatic Oxidation of Methyleugenol &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Methyleugneol is a phenolic type of flavourant found in essential oils, which is primarily derived from cloves. This compound has been known to be a human carcinogen listed on the National Toxicology Program Report. Evidence suggests that Eugenol displays an extensive span of biological activities.Furthermore, studies has shown that Eugenol to be carcinogenic after long term dietary administration in animals at high doses. The mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis resulted from the bioactivation of the Methyleugenol has also shown to occur in the liver. The mechanism behind the chemical oxidation of Eugenol is that it gives a one electron oxidation to form a Eugenol radical and the radical will recombine together in a couple of different ways to form polymers. In this study, we show that Eugenol undergoes Enzymatic oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish peroxidase to form free radicals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Pauzi_Research_Spring_2016|April 2014: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Enzymatic Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
	<entry>
		<id>http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=595</id>
		<title>Ahmad Pauzi</title>
		<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="http://205.166.159.208/wiki/index.php?title=Ahmad_Pauzi&amp;diff=595"/>
		<updated>2016-03-30T00:49:24Z</updated>

		<summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ahmadpauzi: &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Enzymatic Oxidation of Methyleugenol &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Methyleugneol is a phenolic type of flavourant found in essential oils, which is primarily derived from cloves. This compound has been known to be a human carcinogen listed on the National Toxicology Program Report. Evidence suggests that Eugenol displays an extensive span of biological activities.Furthermore, studies has shown that Eugenol to be carcinogenic after long term dietary administration in animals at high doses. The mechanism of hepatic carcinogenesis resulted from the bioactivation of the Methyleugenol has also shown to occur in the liver. The mechanism behind the chemical oxidation of Eugenol is that it gives a one electron oxidation to form a Eugenol radical and the radical will recombine together in a couple of different ways to form polymers. In this study, we show that Eugenol undergoes Enzymatic oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide and Horseradish peroxidase to form free radicals.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- Greetings...this text does not show up on the page since it is &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; with the surrounding tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- This is the suggested format for current students to organize their information; this is NOT a requirement --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- To add this structure to your personal wiki page, copy and paste the code below and then remove the &amp;quot;hidden&amp;quot; tags --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ...then of course...add your information. Use Mr. Bitchly's text for coding examples...pls add examples to this profile --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Personal Information== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Undergraduate Research Activities== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Presentations== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Interests== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- ==Career Goals== --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
&amp;lt;!-- --&amp;gt;&lt;br /&gt;
You have reached the personal page of Ahmad Pauzi.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Personal Information==&lt;br /&gt;
Senior Chemistry Major&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Hometown: Kajang, Malaysia&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Contact Info: 309-371-4006&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Undergraduate Research Activities==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Summer 2015: Kieft Summer Research with Brad Sturgeon (Chemical Oxidation of Biophenols)&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Spring 2016: Chem 430 with Brad Sturgeon&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Presentations==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
June 2015: '''Kieft Summer Research Presentations'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Title: Enzymatic Oxidation of Biophenols'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Nov 2015: '''Local Section ACS Meeting''' St. Ambrose, Davenport IA.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Chemical Oxidation of Butylated Hydroxyanisole BHA''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
March 2016: '''258th National ACS Meeting''' San Diego, CA &lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
April 2016: Chem 350: '''Science Seminar'''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Poster Title: ''Enzymatic Oxidation of Eugenol and Methyleugenol ''&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Interests==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Travelling&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
==Career Plans==&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Analytical Chemist&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;
Academician&lt;/div&gt;</summary>
		<author><name>Ahmadpauzi</name></author>
	</entry>
</feed>